Diabetic (Charcot) Foot

Symptoms & Diagnosis

Symptoms

Although a patient with Charcot arthropathy typically will not have much pain, they may have other symptoms.

The most sensitive sign of early Charcot foot is swelling of the foot. This can occur without an obvious injury.
Redness of the foot can also occur in the early stages.
The swelling, redness, and changes to the bone that are seen on x-ray may be confused for a bone infection. A bone infection is very unlikely if the skin is intact and there is no ulcer present.

Diagnosis

Medical History and Physical Examination
Your doctor will talk with you about your general health as well as any symptoms you may have. If you know how you may have injured your foot, your doctor will also want to discuss that.

After discussing your symptoms and medical history, your doctor will carefully examine your foot.

Imaging Tests
X-rays. These imaging tests provide detailed pictures of dense structures, like bone. In the very early setting of Charcot, the x-rays may be normal. If the condition has progressed to the intermediate stages, multiple fractures and dislocations of the joints can be seen in an x-ray.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. These studies can create better images of soft tissues of the foot and ankle. These may be ordered if your doctor suspects a bone infection. If there is not a break in the skin, infection of the bone is extremely rare.

Bone scan/indium scan. A bone scan is a nuclear medicine test that is very effective in determining whether there is a bone infection. There are different types of bone scans, and the doctor must determine which type(s) are best to use for a particular problem. An indium scan is a specialized test that involves placing a marker on white blood cells. These cells are traced to learn whether they are going to the bone to fight an infection.

Both Charcot foot and bone infection will cause a positive bone scan (increased activity). However, only an infection will show significantly increased activity on the indium scan.

Treatment Options

The goal of treatment for Charcot arthropathy is to heal the broken bones, as well as prevent further deformity and joint destruction.

Nonsurgical Treatment

Casting. The early stages of Charcot are usually treated with a cast or cast boot to protect the foot and ankle. The use of a cast is very effective in reducing the swelling and protecting the bones.

Casting requires that the patient not put weight on the foot until the bones begin to heal. Crutches, a knee-walker device, or a wheelchair are usually necessary. Healing can sometimes take 3 months or more. The cast will usually be changed every week or two to make sure that it continues to “fit” the leg as the swelling goes down.

Custom shoes. After the initial swelling has decreased and the bones begin to fuse back together, a specialized custom walking boot or diabetic shoe may be recommended. The specialized shoe is designed to decrease the risk of ulcers (sores that do not heal). Some diabetics may not be able to wear regular, over-the-counter shoes because they do not fit the deformed foot correctly.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery may be recommended if the foot deformity puts the patient at a high risk for ulcers, or if protective shoewear is not effective. Unstable fractures and dislocations also require surgery to heal.

Mild deformity with tightness at the heel. In some cases, the deformity is mild and associated with tightness at the back of the heel. Ulcers in the front of the foot that do not respond to a period of casting and protective shoewear, may be treated through Achilles tendon lengthening. Surgically lengthening the tendon that runs down the back of the leg and attaches to the back of the heel decreases the pressure on the midfoot and front of the foot. This allows the ulcer to heal and reduces the chance that it will return.

Bony prominence on the bottom of the foot. A more severe deformity is the appearance of a very large bony bump on the bottom of the foot. If this cannot be addressed with shoe modification, it requires surgery. The type of surgery depends on the stability of the bones and joints in the foot.

Stable deformity. Surgery involves a simple removal of the prominent bone by shaving it off.

Unstable deformity. When the bones are too loose at the sight of the prominence, a simple removal of the bump will not be effective. The loose bones will simply move and a new prominence will develop. In this situation, fusion and repositioning of the bones is needed.

Fractures that occur in the softer bone of diabetics are typically more complex. Operations to fix them generally involve more hardware (plates and screws) than would normally be required in people without diabetes. The screws and plates may even be placed across normal joints to provide added stability.

This operation is extremely difficult to perform and carries a higher risk of wound complications, infections, and amputation, compared to routine foot and ankle fracture surgery.

After this type of operation, there is typically a period of no weight on the foot for at least 3 months. Placing weight on the foot early and failing to follow the doctor’s instructions will likely lead to complications, such as the return of the deformity or even worsening of the deformity